The Change Of The East India Company Monopoly - 1478 Words

In the four months that he was in England, Say was confronted on the things he saw, the things he admired and those that he deplored. Still in England, Say was able to make crucial friendship networks with well-known economist such as, David Ricardo, Jeremy Bethem, James Mill and Thomas Malthus. At the time, he visited Glasgow; he got a chance to sit on the professorial chair of Adam Smith, and this marked an emotional period in his life. Without a doubt, his perspective of England could not go without observation and criticism of his fresh acquaintances, particularly their view on the East India Company monopoly, as well as, the agricultural protectionism of England via the Corn Laws. However, both of the problem eventually came to an†¦show more content†¦It would help them create the basis in which they would get to criticize the decisions of the state. Say gave lectures at the conservatory for about ten years. It was in the acceptance that he coexisted in a government tha t was doubtful of academic critics. During this time, some of the people who talked about things that the state was not pleased would have their course closed. Finally, prior to his death, about a year or less, Say was given a political economic chair at the France College. Say was for the thought that, his discipline should have the name â€Å"social economy,† as economic policies, and economic laws impacted the society as a whole. Even though he was not feeling well in his last years of life, Say was still productive and was still writing, overseeing and lecturing the fifth version of his famous book ‘Treatise which was published in 1826. Say s wife died in 1830, which led to Say’ being depressed and lonely. In 1832, weeks later after his opening lecture at the France College for the opening term, Say died at the age of sixty-five. Say got credited with more than what came to get known as Say s Law of Markets. Say was neither the first person nor one of the first people to introduce unique economic concepts into the paradigm of the classical school. Examples of such concepts are entrepreneur, services, and utility. Since he was fluent in the English language, Say

The Black Atlantic Modernity And Double Consciousness

In the book titled, The Black Atlantic: Modernity and Double Consciousness, author David Gilroy, focused on the issue of modernity through the various experiences of Africans across various locations such as Africa, the Caribbean, and Europe. Gilroy also highlighted many intellectual contributors to the discussion, which included Fredrick Douglas, Donald Byrd, W.E.B. DuBois and Richard Wright. His approach to the diaspora study differed from the typical, but did incorporate personal stories from those who experienced it themselves. While focusing on the various components of the work including nationalism, race, music, double consciousness and the understanding of Afrocentrism, Gilroy hopes that through his research, â€Å"the history of the†¦show more content†¦Some of them were influenced by other forms of political ideology such as Marxism, communism and other ways of thinking, which as he called it â€Å"evades those specific labels and with them all fixed notions of n ationality and national identity† (Gilroy 19). However, the author did point out that these influences were somewhat of a mistake to one’s people as pointed out by another intellectual named Martin Delany. Delany believed that this change, which occurs from travel, creates a romanticized view of what nationalism and race should be. It then leads them to have misconceptions on the process of how to uplift their people and improving their nation. This was recognized later on by Wright who separated himself from communism in the later 1940s. At first he believed Marxism was the key to helping in the racial struggle that African Americans faced. He later changed his mind, after learning how the ideology under Stalin’s regime, and fascism were â€Å"absolutistic systems, whose brutality and rigor will make the present day systems seem like summer outings†(Gilroy 166). Another important theme in Gilroy’s work was music and its associations with the Afric an diaspora. Gilroy mentioned in the book â€Å"Black Americans were sustained and healed and nurtured by the translation of their experience into art above all in the music† (Gilroy 78). In the case of jazz and other forms of African music, Gilroy believed it created a sense

The Increasing Application of Scientific Management Principles Of Work Essay Example For Students

The Increasing Application of Scientific Management Principles Of Work Essay Organisations To Services Is, Despite Its Limitations, Inevitable andIrreversibleThe Increasing Application of Scientific Management Principles Of WorkOrganisations To Services Is, Despite Its Limitations, Inevitable andIrreversible. IIntroductionFrom the outset of this essay it is necessary to define the basic principles ofScientific Management in order for the statement to be fully understood and whyif at all such a practice is inevitable and indeed irreversible within aservice industry context. The underlying belief that scientific management, or rationalisation= , is ableto provide the basis for separating management from the execution of work. Therationalisation of work has the effect of transferring functions of planning,allocation and co-ordination to managers, whilst reinforcing the managerialmonopoly of decision-making, motivation and control. Hales (1994). Taylor (1856-1915) has been referred to as the father of Scientific Management. He believed that management, not labour, was the cause of and potential solutionto problems in the industry. Taylor concluded that workers systematically soldiered because they believed that faster work would put them out of a joband because hourly or daily wages destroyed individual incentive. Taylorbelieved that in order to discourage, and indeed halt, this soldiering a mental revolution was required. He believed this could be achieved via fourvital principles: (1) the development of the best work method, via systematicobservation, measurement and analysis; (2) the scientific selection anddevelopment of workers; (3) the relating and bringing together of the best workmethod and the developed and trained worker; (4) the co-operation of managersand non-managers which includes the division of work and the managersresponsibility of work. From this five key facets have evolved that lie at the foundation of scientificmanagement. Hales (1994) has summarised these as follows: systematic standardised work methods via mechanisation and standardtimes. a clean functional division between managers and non-mangers. Braverman (1974) described this as the separation of conception fromexecution. centralised planning and control. an instrumental, low-involvement employment relationship due to therequirement of the individual employee being that of just carrying out theirspecified low-skilled task. an ideology of neutral technical efficiency. Industries that have embraced such scientific management methods haveessentially deskilled the workforce, often by menial, repetitive tasks, and haveattempted to replace workers with machines wherever technically feasible andeconomic. A classic example of such an application is the Fordist principle ofthe production line. The remainder of the essay concentrates on the two keyaspects of the statement, i.e. that of inevitability and irreversibility. II Are Scientific Management principles inevitable and irreversible withinthe service industry ?It has been suggested that the principles of scientific management have beenwidely adopted throughout industry. The orientation of larger firms towards professional managers,engineers and consultants additionally provided a supportive framework for therise of Taylorism. Thompson and Hugh (1990)Although this rise has certainly been evident within manufacturing industriesthe service industry has been slower to utilise the principles ofrationalisation. The question must therefore be asked why has the sector beenslow on the uptake of these beliefs and could the reason for this provide anargument against the suggestion of the inevitability of the principles withinthe service industries. For rationalisation to be applied three prerequisite conditions are required:clear and single objective (for example maximising profit); hard data ( forexample accounting information); and no more than limited and measurableuncertainties (for example normally distributed machine parts). In general thesethree conditions do not hold in the service sector. Furthermore the quantitiesand the types of resources differ greatly from manufacturing industries. Withinthe service sector there is often more labour and less capital. This humanemphasis greatly limits the application of scientific management principles. Targett (1995) has identified seven distinctive characteristics that highlightthe limitations of applying scientific management principles and thereforeraising doubts over the inevitability of such management practices being usedin the service sector. Nightmare On Elm Street: Film And Reality EssayTurning to the irreversibility aspect of the statement the motives of wantingto reverse rationalisation must be questioned. Ritzer (1993) has argued that thecritics of rationalisation within the service sector view the past with rosetinted spectacles with an impossible desire to return to world that no longerexists. Such critics conveniently forget the liabilities associated with a pre-MacDonalds world. Furthermore Ritzer (1993) statesThe increase in the number of people, the acceleration intechnological change, the increasing pace of life all this and more make itimpossible to go back to a non-rationalised world, if it ever existed. p.13MacDonaldisation has become so entrenched in society that customers expectationshave risen to such a high level that certain sectors of the service industry,such as fast food outlets, could not be decentralised. Other factors that could prevent companies reversing rationalisation include theenormous costs involved in demechanising the company. For example anincreasing amount of budget hotels are introducing costly automated self check-in consoles. Additionally decentralising companies would also involve massivemanagement engineering. Therefore, in light of such factors, the statement canbe partially supported in that it would be unlikely that rationalisation couldbe reversed. On the other hand some industries have reversed scientific management principlesto relieve monotony, improve morale, job satisfaction and ultimately increaseefficiency. Hales (1994) has noted that there has been a growing trend indecentralisation via job rotation, enlargement and enrichment as well as taskforces and project teams being more widely established. There has also beenincreasing emphasis on increased employee participation in companies. Such anotion has been further developed and supported by the ideology behind BlairsStakeholder Society. Therefore such change suggests that it is possible to reverse the application ofscientific management principles. III ConclusionTo conclude it can be suggested that scientific management, in its extreme form,applied in a hospitality context would result in something of a MacDonaldsexperience. For example receptionists dealing with guests enquiries would beunable to treat them on a personal level as they would almost be reading somescript pre-written by central office. My own belief is that this could not beapplied in the luxury end of the market as this undermines the actual productthat is expected. This therefore opposes the ideology that scientific managementis inevitable to the whole service industry. There is also a growing awareness of the dehumanising experience of a fast-foodrestaurant or budget hotel. This has resulted in an increased desire for a morepersonalised service and therefore an indication that some industries coulddecentralise. Furthermore the service sector, most notably hospitality, thrives on the multi-faceted individuals that are attracted to the industry. But the deskilling dueto rationalisation means that such people are strait-jacketed into onedimensional jobs (Hales 1994) stifling variety and creativity. Therefore such asentiment tends to argue against the notion that scientific managementprinciples are inevitable. In summary to return to the original statement it can be argued against thebelief that scientific management is inevitable and irreversible throughout theentire service industry, although certainly some areas of the industry couldbenefit from utilising such a management strategy notably in the budget sector. BibliographyHales, C. (1994) Managing Through Organisation, Routledge, London. Peters, T. Waterman, R., In Search of excellence, Harper Row, New York. Ritzer, G. (1993) The MacDonaldization of Society. Targett, D. (1995) Management Science in service industries, in Schmenner, R.W. (ed.) Service Operations Management, Prentice Hall, New Jersey. Taylor, F.W. (1984) Scientific Management, in Pugh, D. Organisation Theory,Penguin, Harmondsworth. Thompson, P. McHugh, D. (1990) Work Organisations: A critical introduction,Manmillan, London.